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<html> <head> <title>十字軍東征的近因</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=big5"> </head> <!-- <SCRIPT language="JavaScript"> document.title = "十字軍東征的近因"; </script> --> <style type="text/css"> <!-- A:link {COLOR: #336699; TEXT-DECORATION: none} A:visited {COLOR: #666699; TEXT-DECORATION: none} A:hover {COLOR: #993399; font-weight: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none} A:active {COLOR: #996666; font-weight: normal} a.submenu:active { text-decoration:none; font-family: "新細明體"; font-size: 14pt} a.submenu:hover { color: #477DA7; text-decoration:none} a.submenu:link { color: #477DA7; text-decoration:none} a.submenu:visited { color: #477DA7; text-decoration:none} a.link:active { color: #666666; text-decoration:none} a.link:hover { color: #666666; text-decoration:none} a.link:link { color: #666666; text-decoration:none} a.link:visited { color: #666666; text-decoration:none} td { font-family: "Verdana", "Arial", "Helvetica", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11px} .attention { font-family: "Verdana", "Arial", "Helvetica", "sans-serif"; font-size: 9px; font-style: normal} .pdetail { font-size: 12px} .textCSS { font-family: "Verdana", "Arial", "Helvetica", "sans-serif"; COLOR: 000000; font-size: 13px} .AttachTextCSS {font-family: "Verdana", "Arial", "Helvetica", "sans-serif"; COLOR: #400040; font-size: 12px} .InputClass { BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 1px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 1px; FONT-SIZE: 12px; BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: C3AB9B; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: C3AB9B; COLOR: 666666; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: C3AB9B; FONT-FAMILY: "MS Sans Serif", Geneva, sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #FBF5F1; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 1px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: C3AB9B } .Shading1 {width:100%; filter:shadow( color=#cccccc )} .floatclear { clear:both; display:inline-block; width:100%; } /* Hide from IE-mac \*/ * html .floatclear { height:1%; width:auto; } .floatclear { display:table; } /* End hide from IE-mac */ #byline { clear:both; padding:0.25em 0; margin:1em 0; color:#777; border-top:1px dotted #777; } div.clearer_Left {clear:left; line-height:0;height:0;width:1} div.clearer_Right {clear:right; line-height:0;height:0;width:1} div.item_Left {float:left;border:0px solid; padding:5px;width:auto} div.item_Left img {float:left;margin:5px} div.item_Right {float:right;border:0px solid; padding:5px;width:auto} div.item_Right img {float:right;margin:5px} div.item_Center {float:center;border:0px solid; padding:5px;width:100%} div.item_Center img {float:center;margin:5px} .Caption { font-family: "Verdana", "Arial", "Helvetica", "sans-serif"; COLOR:444444; font-size: 12px; } --> </style> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" background="images/bg.gif"> <table width="602" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#5B7ACC"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#F4FAFF"> <tr background="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bg-news-bar.gif" valign="top"> <td background="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bg-news-bar.gif" colspan="2"> <font color="#003366"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bullet-arrow-red.gif" width="7" height="7" hspace="4"><font color="#990000" size=3><b>十字軍東征的近因</b> </font></font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="10" valign="top"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/spacer.gif" width="12" height="12"></td> <td width="590" valign="top"> <div align="center">丁果</div> <!-- <font color="#666666">作者<br> --> <div align="center">8/13/2006</div> <br> <img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/spacer.gif" width="17" height="5"><br> </font> <table width="570" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td><font color="#666666"> <div class="floatclear" style="padding-bottom: 10px"> <font class='textCSS'>除了大的歷史和宗教背景之外，部份史學界和其他學術界的人士也對十字軍東征的直接原因作了探討。歸納而言﹐有這樣一些代表性的觀點。 <br><br>騎士階層的興起 <br><br>從職業來講，騎士是中世紀西歐各國的職業軍人，是封建貴族中的低級階層，當然，封建貴族在中世紀的時候，也都被統稱為騎士。因為歐洲處於封建割據狀態，戰爭聯綿不斷，騎士階層相當吃香和活躍。不少學者認為﹐城市興起發達後，商品貨幣經濟迅速發展，騎士們對奢侈生活的向往和東方寶物的貪婪日甚一日，需求越來越無度。再加上西歐實行長子繼承制，西歐出現許多無世襲封號，無財產和土地的騎士，他們渴望去向東方尋找財物和土地。 <br><br>商人的推動 <br><br>歐洲的商業城市興起後，一批野心勃勃的商人從威尼斯，熱那亞，比薩等城市城市壯大起來，他們企圖從阿拉伯人和拜占廷人奪取地中海東部地區的貿易港口和市場，來壟斷地中海貿易，所以，他們積極從財政上支援和鼓勵十字軍東征。 <br><br>農民的破產 <br><br>1095年第一次十字軍東征前夕，歐洲發生了嚴重的旱災和饑荒，農民破產成為常態，再加上歐洲各大都會的城市經濟發展增加了他們的負擔，因為他們為贖買自由不得不向領主交納大量的貨幣。不但如此，歐洲封建領主之間不斷的割據戰爭，破壞了穩定的農業生產，而且領主還經常向農民徵發徭役。從統計數位來看，十一世紀法國有二十六個荒年，1087年到1095年， 西歐連續有七年的大饑荒。有些學者認為﹐在這樣一種社會大環境之下，破產的農民希望到東方去尋找改變生活環境的出路。傳教士彼得組織的第一支十字軍隊伍，就是由歐洲破產的農民構成的，他們想要走出悲慘的命運。<br></font> </div> </font> <BR> </td> </tr> </table> <font color="#666666"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/spacer.gif" width="17" height="5"> </font></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/spacer.gif" width="13" height="13"> <table width="602" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#5B7ACC"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#F4FAFF"> <tr bgcolor="#D1E7F5"> <td colspan="2"><font color="#003366"><font color="#990000"><font color="#006699"><font color="#990000">相關訊息</font></font></font></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="12"><font color="#003366"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bullet-arrow-red.gif" width="7" height="7" hspace="4"></font></td> <td width="580"><a href='DispOneMessage.asp?txtOrgCode=Autism&Category=03&ID=CCEF38941303701237S1'>《2006年8月12-18日網上崇拜》 (1)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="12"><font color="#003366"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bullet-arrow-red.gif" width="7" height="7" hspace="4"></font></td> <td width="580"><a href='DispOneMessage.asp?txtOrgCode=Autism&Category=03&ID=CCEF38941303701237S2'>《2006年8月12-18日網上崇拜》 (2)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="12"><font color="#003366"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bullet-arrow-red.gif" width="7" height="7" hspace="4"></font></td> <td width="580"><a href='DispOneMessage.asp?txtOrgCode=Autism&Category=03&ID=CCEF3893991688665'>新聞焦點: 主必興旺，我必減少</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="12"><font color="#003366"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bullet-arrow-red.gif" width="7" height="7" hspace="4"></font></td> <td width="580"><a href='DispOneMessage.asp?txtOrgCode=Autism&Category=03&ID=CCEF38939913141080'>Faith Night</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="12"><font color="#003366"><img src="http://www.w4j.org/MessageCenter/News/images/bullet-arrow-red.gif" width="7" height="7" hspace="4"></font></td> <td width="580"><a href='DispOneMessage.asp?txtOrgCode=Autism&Category=03&ID=CCEF38939910745003'>哥林多前書 第一章十到十七節 (3)</a></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>